n=eψ c1=e−ψ ṙ=c1v ṽ=c1(I−vvᵀ)∇ψ a=(c²/2)∇ψ
Exact DFD ray law. Yellow=ψ contours; cyan=photons; green=tests. Toggle ∇ψ vectors to see inward gradient.
ψ contour
photon
test mass

DFD Controls

Point mass outside a finite core (optional). ψ=2GM/r with inward ∇ψ. Numerics use c=1.

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Integrator